18 Russian Dog Breeds: A Complete Guide
Russia, the largest country in the world by area, is known for its rich history, diverse culture, and vast landscapes. But did you know that Russia is also home to a wide variety of dog breeds? From large and fluffy to small and energetic, Russian dog breeds have a unique charm and appeal. In this post, we will explore 18 Russian dog breeds, their origins, characteristics, and roles in Russian society. So, whether you’re a dog lover or simply curious about the fascinating world of dog breeds, read on to discover the diversity of Russian dogs.
How do these Russian dog breeds differ from other dog breeds?
Russian dog breeds are distinctive due to their unique characteristics shaped by the harsh Russian climate. These breeds often have thick, double coats for insulation, high energy levels from their working heritage, and a strong sense of loyalty and protectiveness towards their owners.
#1. Samoyed
The Samoyed is a beautiful and majestic dog breed that originated from Siberia, Russia. These fluffy dogs were originally bred by the Samoyede people for herding reindeer and pulling sleds in the harsh Arctic conditions. Known for their friendly and affectionate nature, Samoyeds make great family pets. With their fluffy white coats and smiling faces, they are often referred to as “smiling dogs.” However, their dense double coat requires regular grooming to keep it clean and tangle-free. Samoyeds are intelligent and trainable, but they can also have a stubborn streak, so early and consistent training is essential. Samoyed reach about 24 inches in height and a top weight of 65 pounds.
#2. Siberian husky
The Siberian husky is a breed of dog that hails from northeastern Siberia, Russia. These dogs were originally bred by the Chukchi people for sled-pulling and transportation in the cold, harsh Arctic conditions. Siberian huskies are known for their striking appearance, with their thick double coats, erect ears, and distinctive blue or brown eyes or one of each color (heterochromia). They are friendly, gentle, and loyal dogs, making them great family pets. However, it’s important to note that Siberian huskies have a high prey drive and may not be suitable for households with small pets. They are also an outgoing and energetic breed, so regular exercise is a must to keep them happy and healthy. They can grow to 23.5 inches tall and weigh up to 60 pounds.
#3. Borzoi
The Borzoi, also known as the Russian Wolfhound, is a elegant and noble dog breed with a long history in Russia. Their name comes from the Russian word for swift or fast. Originally bred for hunting wolves in packs, the Borzoi was highly favored by the Russian aristocracy for their grace, speed, and beauty. These dogs have a gentle and calm temperament, making them great family pets, but they can be reserved around strangers. Borzois have a high prey drive, so it’s important to keep them on a leash or in a secure, enclosed area when outside. They have a long, silky coat that requires regular grooming and can come in any color, but are generally low maintenance in terms of health issues. They are large dogs that can reach 28 inches in height and over 100 pounds in weight.
#4. Russian black terrier
The Russian Black Terrier, also known as the Black Russian Terrier, is a large and powerful dog breed that was developed in the Soviet Union during the 1940s. These dogs were primarily bred for military and guard dog work, so they have a strong protective instinct. Russian Black Terriers are known for their size, strength, and endurance, making them excellent guard dogs. They have a distinctive black, thick, and weather-resistant coat, as well as a distinctive beard. While they can be wary of strangers and other dogs, they are loyal and affectionate with their families. Due to their size and strength, proper training and socialization are important for these dogs. They are very large dogs that can reach 30 inches tall and 130 pounds in weight.
#5. Caucasian shepherd
The Caucasian Shepherd, also known as the Caucasian Ovcharka, is a large and powerful dog breed that originated in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus Mountains. These dogs were historically bred to guard livestock, primarily sheep, from predators such as wolves and bears. With their massive size and strong protective instincts, Caucasian Shepherds make excellent guard dogs. They have a thick, weather-resistant double coat that helps them withstand cold temperatures. Due to their protective nature, early socialization and training are crucial for these dogs to ensure they can differentiate between friend and foe. While they can be loyal and devoted to their families, Caucasian Shepherds require experienced owners who can provide them with proper leadership and structure. These large dogs can weight 110 pounds and over and reach a height of 30 inches.
#6. Russian toy
The Russian Toy is a small and delicate breed that has a long history in Russia. They were once called Russian toy terriers and are often referred to as “Russkiy Toy,” are one of the smallest toy breeds in the world. They were once the favored breed of Russia’s wealthy and were often flaunted in high society. They have a lively and alert demeanor, making them great companions for individuals or families living in apartments or small homes. Russian Toys are known for their elegant appearance, with their fine bone structure, large eyes, and prick ears. They have a short, smooth coat or one that comes with longer hair in various colors, including black & tan, red, and fawn among others. Despite their small size, Russian Toys have a lot of energy and require regular exercise to keep them physically and mentally stimulated. These tiny dogs can weigh up to 6.5 pounds and stand 11 inches tall.
#7. Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka
The Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, also known as the Russian Colored Lapdog, is a small and fluffy breed that originated in Russia. These dogs are known for their unique coat, which comes in a variety of colors and patterns, including black, brown, and sable. With their adorable teddy bear appearance, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonkas make great lap dogs and companions. They are friendly, affectionate, and adaptable, making them well-suited for families and individuals.. These dogs have a moderate energy level and require regular exercise and mental stimulation to keep them happy and healthy. Despite their small size, they are intelligent and easy to train, making them great candidates for obedience and agility competitions. Tsvetnaya Bolonka are relatively rare outside of Russia. These small dogs weight between 6-9 pounds and are 11 inches tall.
#8. Russian spaniel
The Russian Spaniel is a versatile and energetic breed that originated in Russia. Developed in the 20th century, the Russian Spaniel is a cross between English and Russian spaniels. These dogs were primarily bred for hunting, especially for birds and small game. Russian Spaniels are highly energetic and require plenty of exercise to keep them physically and mentally stimulated. They have a friendly and affectionate disposition, making them great family pets. With their medium-length, wavy coat, Russian Spaniels require regular grooming to prevent matting and tangling. They are intelligent and easy to train, but can be stubborn at times, so consistent training and positive reinforcement methods are recommended. They are similar to Cocker Spaniels but tend to be shorter and have a longer body. They can weigh up to 35 pounds and stand 18 inches tall.
#9. Yakutian Laika
The Yakutian Laika, also known as the Yakutian Sled Dog, is a tough and versatile breed that originated in Yakutia, Russia. These dogs were historically bred for sled-pulling and transportation, particularly in light loads. Known for their endurance and ability to withstand extreme cold temperatures, Yakutian Laikas are highly valued by the native people of Yakutia, the Sakha. They have a thick, double coat that helps them stay warm in freezing temperatures, and their erect ears and bushy tail add to their distinctive appearance. Yakutian Laikas are intelligent and trainable, but they can be independent and stubborn, so consistent and patient training methods are necessary. They are loyal and protective of their owners, making them great family dogs, but early socialization is important to ensure they get along well with other animals and strangers. These medium sized dogs can reach up to 55 pounds and stand 23 inches in height. They can be solid white or white mixed with several other colors.
#10. Moscow Watchdog
The Moscow Watchdog, also known as the Moscow Guard Dog, is a large and loyal breed that hails from Russia. Bred for guard dog work, these dogs have a strong protective instinct and are vigilant watchmen. They are a mix of three dog breeds, the Saint Bernard, Caucasian Shepherd and the Pinto hound. These dogs can reach up to 31 inches tall and over 120 pounds in weight. They are relatively uncommon outside of Russia.
#11. South Russian Ovcharka
The South Russian Ovcharka, also known as the South Russian Sheepdog, is a robust breed originating from southern Russia. With a rich heritage in herding and guarding livestock, these dogs are known for their protective instincts and can have a dominating nature. Sporting a dense, long coat that can be white or shades of white mixed with grey and yellow, they are well-equipped to withstand harsh climates. Renowned for their loyalty, protectiveness, and independent streaks, South Russian Ovcharkas are intelligent and easily trainable. They excel as watchdogs due to their temperament and their imposing stature of over 110 pounds and height of 25 inches.
#12. West Siberian laika
The West Siberian Laika is a breed originating from the Siberian region of Russia, known for its versatility and exceptional skills. Originally bred as hunting dogs, they possess a strong prey drive, remarkable endurance, and a tendency to be vocal. These Laikas excel in various tasks such as hunting, search and rescue operations, and even sled pulling. Their distinctive bark and howl are their way of communication with humans and other dogs. Loyal, independent, and highly intelligent, West Siberian Laikas require ample mental and physical stimulation to thrive. As a medium-sized Spitz breed, they can weigh as much as 50 pounds and stand 23 inches.
#13. Chukotka sled dog
The Chukotka Sled Dog, also known as the Chukchi sled dog, is a breed that hails from Russia’s Chukotka Peninsula. These dogs have been the loyal companions of the indigenous Chukchi people for centuries, helping them with transportation and sled-pulling. Chukotka sled dogs are known for their endurance, strength, and ability to pull light loads over long distances. They have adapted to the cold, snowy conditions of the Chukotka Peninsula, making them well-suited for sled-pulling activities. These dogs have a fluffy coat and a friendly, loyal demeanor, making them great companions and working dogs.
#14. Chortai
The Chortai, also known as the Hortaya Borzaya, is a native breed of southern Russia. These dogs are a relatively new breed known for their high prey drive and agility. The Chortai is a sighthound breed, characterized by its slender build, muscular physique, and incredible speed. They are known for their loyalty, protective instincts, and high prey drive, which makes them excellent hunting dogs. They are believed to be a cross between a Greyhound and Borzoi and can reach about 80 pounds and stand 30 inches tall.
#15. East European Shepherd
The East European Shepherd is a large and loyal breed that hails from Russia. Bred primarily as a working dog, they share similarities with the German Shepherd, but have their own distinct characteristics. East European Shepherds, also known as Vostochno Evropeiskaya Ovcharka, are highly loyal and protective dogs. These dogs are great guard dogs, capable of deterring intruders with their imposing size and strong protective instincts. They are intelligent, easily trainable, and adaptable, making them well-suited for various working roles and family environments. They were bred from German Shepherds in the 1930’s to be larger and better suited for the colder temperatures in Russia. They can stand up to 30 inches and weigh as much as 105 pounds.
#16. East Siberian Laika
The East Siberian Laika is an ancient breed that hails from the eastern regions of Siberia, Russia. These dogs, known as Laikas, were historically used for hunting and working alongside the indigenous people of Siberia. East Siberian Laikas are versatile working dogs, known for their endurance, agility, and adaptability. They have a strong prey drive, making them great hunting dogs, but they are also highly loyal and affectionate with their families. These dogs have a thick double coat, erect ears, and a bushy tail, helping them withstand the cold, harsh conditions of Siberia. This Spitz-type breed can rach up to 50 pounds in weight.
#17. Kamchatka Sled Dog
The Kamchatka Sled Dog, also known as the Kamchatka Husky, is a rare and hardy breed that hails from Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. These dogs have been used for sled-pulling and transportation for centuries, adapting to the tough, snowy conditions of the region. Kamchatka sled dogs are known for their exceptional endurance, strength, and ability to navigate difficult terrain. They are highly valued by the native people of Kamchatka, as they help with transportation, hunting, and sled races. These dogs have a loyal and gentle temperament, but are very rare and efforts are underway to save the breed.
#18. Moscow Water Dog
The Moscow Water Dog, also known as the Moscow Diver, is a large and strong breed that hails from Russia. It believed this breed is now extinct. They were bred using the Newfoundland, Caucasian Shepherd Dog and East European Shepherd. They were originally developed by the Soviet government for water rescue work in the early 20th century. Moscow Water Dogs were working dogs, renowned for their excellent swimming abilities, strength, and endurance. These dogs had a loyal, intelligent, and trainable nature, making them ideal for their role as working dogs and companions.
Dog Breeds from Russia-Final Thoughts
In conclusion, Russian dog breeds offer a diverse range of characteristics and temperaments. From the playful and friendly Samoyed to the majestic and regal Borzoi, there is a breed for every dog lover. Whether you’re looking for a working dog, a companion, or a show dog, Russian breeds have it all. These breeds are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and adaptability. They are some of the toughest dogs that are great in cold weather climates and generally make great watchdogs. Many of them require a confident, experienced owner and if you are up to the task, will make great companions.
